AI的蓬勃发展提示建议，AI技术应该是“以人为本”。然而，没有明确的定义，对人工人工智能或短，HCAI的含义。本文旨在通过解决HCAI的一些基础方面来改善这种情况。为此，我们介绍了术语HCAI代理商，以指配备有AI组件的任何物理或软件计算代理，并与人类交互和/或协作。本文识别参与HCAI代理的五个主要概念组件：观察，要求，行动，解释和模型。我们看到HCAI代理的概念，以及其组件和功能，作为弥合人以人为本的AI技术和非技术讨论的一种方式。在本文中，我们专注于采用在人类存在的动态环境中运行的单一代理的情况分析。

为了有效地使用抽象（PDDL）规划域来在未知环境中实现目标，代理必须将这样的域与环境的对象及其属性实例化。如果代理具有Enocentric和环境的部分视图，则需要采取行动，感知和抽象规划域中的感知数据。此外，代理需要将符号规划器计算的计划编译成其执行器可执行的低级动作。本文提出了一个旨在实现上述角度的框架，并允许代理执行不同的任务。为此目的，我们集成了机器学习模型来摘要传感数据，符号规划目标成就和导航路径规划。我们在准确的模拟环境中评估了所提出的方法，其中传感器是RGB-D板载相机，GPS和指南针。

在AI研究中，合成动作计划通常使用了抽象地指定由于动作而导致的动作的描述性模型，并针对有效计算状态转换来定制。然而，执行计划的动作已经需要运行模型，其中使用丰富的计算控制结构和闭环在线决策来指定如何在非预定的执行上下文中执行动作，对事件作出反应并适应展开情况。整合行动和规划的审议演员通常需要将这两种模型一起使用 - 在尝试开发不同的型号时会导致问题，验证它们的一致性，并顺利交错和规划。作为替代方案，我们定义和实施综合作用和规划系统，其中规划和行为使用相同的操作模型。这些依赖于提供丰富的控制结构的分层任务导向的细化方法。称为反应作用发动机（RAE）的作用组件由众所周知的PRS系统启发。在每个决定步骤中，RAE可以从计划者获取建议，以获得关于效用功能的近乎最佳选择。随时计划使用像UPOM的UCT类似的蒙特卡罗树搜索程序，其推出是演员操作模型的模拟。我们还提供与RAE和UPOM一起使用的学习策略，从在线代理体验和/或模拟计划结果，从决策背景下映射到方法实例以及引导UPOM的启发式函数。我们展示了富豪朝向静态域的最佳方法的渐近融合，并在实验上展示了UPOM和学习策略显着提高了作用效率和鲁棒性。

We are witnessing a widespread adoption of artificial intelligence in healthcare. However, most of the advancements in deep learning (DL) in this area consider only unimodal data, neglecting other modalities. Their multimodal interpretation necessary for supporting diagnosis, prognosis and treatment decisions. In this work we present a deep architecture, explainable by design, which jointly learns modality reconstructions and sample classifications using tabular and imaging data. The explanation of the decision taken is computed by applying a latent shift that, simulates a counterfactual prediction revealing the features of each modality that contribute the most to the decision and a quantitative score indicating the modality importance. We validate our approach in the context of COVID-19 pandemic using the AIforCOVID dataset, which contains multimodal data for the early identification of patients at risk of severe outcome. The results show that the proposed method provides meaningful explanations without degrading the classification performance.

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is one of the core research areas in mobile and wearable computing. With the application of deep learning (DL) techniques such as CNN, recognizing periodic or static activities (e.g, walking, lying, cycling, etc.) has become a well studied problem. What remains a major challenge though is the sporadic activity recognition (SAR) problem, where activities of interest tend to be non periodic, and occur less frequently when compared with the often large amount of irrelevant background activities. Recent works suggested that sequential DL models (such as LSTMs) have great potential for modeling nonperiodic behaviours, and in this paper we studied some LSTM training strategies for SAR. Specifically, we proposed two simple yet effective LSTM variants, namely delay model and inverse model, for two SAR scenarios (with and without time critical requirement). For time critical SAR, the delay model can effectively exploit predefined delay intervals (within tolerance) in form of contextual information for improved performance. For regular SAR task, the second proposed, inverse model can learn patterns from the time series in an inverse manner, which can be complementary to the forward model (i.e.,LSTM), and combining both can boost the performance. These two LSTM variants are very practical, and they can be deemed as training strategies without alteration of the LSTM fundamentals. We also studied some additional LSTM training strategies, which can further improve the accuracy. We evaluated our models on two SAR and one non-SAR datasets, and the promising results demonstrated the effectiveness of our approaches in HAR applications.

Testing Deep Learning (DL) based systems inherently requires large and representative test sets to evaluate whether DL systems generalise beyond their training datasets. Diverse Test Input Generators (TIGs) have been proposed to produce artificial inputs that expose issues of the DL systems by triggering misbehaviours. Unfortunately, such generated inputs may be invalid, i.e., not recognisable as part of the input domain, thus providing an unreliable quality assessment. Automated validators can ease the burden of manually checking the validity of inputs for human testers, although input validity is a concept difficult to formalise and, thus, automate. In this paper, we investigate to what extent TIGs can generate valid inputs, according to both automated and human validators. We conduct a large empirical study, involving 2 different automated validators, 220 human assessors, 5 different TIGs and 3 classification tasks. Our results show that 84% artificially generated inputs are valid, according to automated validators, but their expected label is not always preserved. Automated validators reach a good consensus with humans (78% accuracy), but still have limitations when dealing with feature-rich datasets.

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are increasingly used as components of larger software systems that need to process complex data, such as images, written texts, audio/video signals. DNN predictions cannot be assumed to be always correct for several reasons, among which the huge input space that is dealt with, the ambiguity of some inputs data, as well as the intrinsic properties of learning algorithms, which can provide only statistical warranties. Hence, developers have to cope with some residual error probability. An architectural pattern commonly adopted to manage failure-prone components is the supervisor, an additional component that can estimate the reliability of the predictions made by untrusted (e.g., DNN) components and can activate an automated healing procedure when these are likely to fail, ensuring that the Deep Learning based System (DLS) does not cause damages, despite its main functionality being suspended. In this paper, we consider DLS that implement a supervisor by means of uncertainty estimation. After overviewing the main approaches to uncertainty estimation and discussing their pros and cons, we motivate the need for a specific empirical assessment method that can deal with the experimental setting in which supervisors are used, where the accuracy of the DNN matters only as long as the supervisor lets the DLS continue to operate. Then we present a large empirical study conducted to compare the alternative approaches to uncertainty estimation. We distilled a set of guidelines for developers that are useful to incorporate a supervisor based on uncertainty monitoring into a DLS.

Emerging applications such as Deep Learning are often data-driven, thus traditional approaches based on auto-tuners are not performance effective across the wide range of inputs used in practice. In the present paper, we start an investigation of predictive models based on machine learning techniques in order to optimize Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs). As a use-case, we focus on the ARM Compute Library which provides three different implementations of the convolution operator at different numeric precision. Starting from a collation of benchmarks, we build and validate models learned by Decision Tree and naive Bayesian classifier. Preliminary experiments on Midgard-based ARM Mali GPU show that our predictive model outperforms all the convolution operators manually selected by the library.

A tractogram is a virtual representation of the brain white matter. It is composed of millions of virtual fibers, encoded as 3D polylines, which approximate the white matter axonal pathways. To date, tractograms are the most accurate white matter representation and thus are used for tasks like presurgical planning and investigations of neuroplasticity, brain disorders, or brain networks. However, it is a well-known issue that a large portion of tractogram fibers is not anatomically plausible and can be considered artifacts of the tracking procedure. With Verifyber, we tackle the problem of filtering out such non-plausible fibers using a novel fully-supervised learning approach. Differently from other approaches based on signal reconstruction and/or brain topology regularization, we guide our method with the existing anatomical knowledge of the white matter. Using tractograms annotated according to anatomical principles, we train our model, Verifyber, to classify fibers as either anatomically plausible or non-plausible. The proposed Verifyber model is an original Geometric Deep Learning method that can deal with variable size fibers, while being invariant to fiber orientation. Our model considers each fiber as a graph of points, and by learning features of the edges between consecutive points via the proposed sequence Edge Convolution, it can capture the underlying anatomical properties. The output filtering results highly accurate and robust across an extensive set of experiments, and fast; with a 12GB GPU, filtering a tractogram of 1M fibers requires less than a minute. Verifyber implementation and trained models are available at https://github.com/FBK-NILab/verifyber.

As aerial robots are tasked to navigate environments of increased complexity, embedding collision tolerance in their design becomes important. In this survey we review the current state-of-the-art within the niche field of collision-tolerant micro aerial vehicles and present different design approaches identified in the literature, as well as methods that have focused on autonomy functionalities that exploit collision resilience. Subsequently, we discuss the relevance to biological systems and provide our view on key directions of future fruitful research.